- The Basic Theory
- The Wood
- The Model
- Basic Tools (including patterns and templates)
- The Mould
- Ribs, Blocks, Linings
- Caring the Back and Bop (inlaying the perfling)
- Cutting the Sound Holes
- Letting in the Bass Bar
- Assembling the Body
- Carving the Scroll and Neck Mortising and attaching the neck
- Violin fittings
- Bridge
- Sound post
- Varnishing
- Adjusting and testing
- Conclusion
viernes, 9 de marzo de 2012
Cómo se contruye un violín
The Peter Prier Violin
Making School in Salt Lake City, Utah has taught close to 500 luthiers over
the years. There are over 130 violin markers from around the world who have graduated from the school, some very
well known for their fine instruments. The following images, from the Prier
Violin School, show the process of making a violin from start to finish.
Violinistas Famosos: YEHUDI MENUHIM
Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (April 22, 1916—March 12, 1999) was an
American-born violinist, violist, and conductor who spent most of his performing
career in the United Kingdom. He was a student of Louis Persinger, Georges
Enesco, and Adolf Busch.
Yehudi Menuhin performed for allied soldiers during World War II, and went with the composer Benjamin Britten to perform for the inmates of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, after its liberation in April 1945. He went back to Germany in 1947 to perform music under the conductor Wilhelm Furtwangler as an act of reconciliation, becoming the first Jewish musician to go back to Germany after the Holocaust. After building early success on richly romantic and tonally opulent performances, he experienced considerable physical and artistic difficulties caused by overwork during World War II and unfocused early training. Careful practice and study combined with meditation and yoga helped him overcome many of these problems, and he continued to perform to an advanced age, becoming known for profound interpretations of an austere quality. When he finally started recording, he became famous for practicing pieces of music by deconstructing phrases one note at a time.
In 1952, Menuhin met and befriended the influential yogi B.K.S. Iyengar. Menuhin arranged for Iyengar to teach abroad in London, Switzerland, Paris and elsewhere. This was the first time that many Westerners had been exposed to yoga.
In 1962 he established the Yehudi Menuhin School in Surrey. He also established the music program at the Nueva School in Hillsborough, California sometime around then. In 1965 he received an honorary knighthood.
During the 1980s he made jazz recordings with Stephane Grappelli and of Eastern music with the great sitarist Ravi Shankar. In 1985 he was awarded British citizenship and had his honorary knighthood upgraded to a full one. In 1993 he was created a life peer as Baron Menuhin, of Stoke D'Abernon in the County of Surrey. Lord Menuhin died in Berlin following a brief illness, from complications of bronchitis.
His pupils include Nigel Kennedy and Hungarian violist Csaba Erdelyi.
Menuhin credited the German-Jewish philosopher Constantin Brunner with providing him with "a theoretical framework within which I could fit the events and experiences of life" (Conversations with Menuhin: 32-34).
Arguably the most famous of Menhuin's violins is the "Lord Wilton" Guarneri del Gesú violin made in 1742.
In 1990 he was awarded the prestigious Glenn Gould Prize in recognition of his lifetime of contributions.
Soon after his death, the Royal Academy of Music acquired the Yehudi Menuhin Archive, one of the most valuable and comprehensive collections ever assembled by an individual musician.
Yehudi Menuhin performed for allied soldiers during World War II, and went with the composer Benjamin Britten to perform for the inmates of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, after its liberation in April 1945. He went back to Germany in 1947 to perform music under the conductor Wilhelm Furtwangler as an act of reconciliation, becoming the first Jewish musician to go back to Germany after the Holocaust. After building early success on richly romantic and tonally opulent performances, he experienced considerable physical and artistic difficulties caused by overwork during World War II and unfocused early training. Careful practice and study combined with meditation and yoga helped him overcome many of these problems, and he continued to perform to an advanced age, becoming known for profound interpretations of an austere quality. When he finally started recording, he became famous for practicing pieces of music by deconstructing phrases one note at a time.
In 1952, Menuhin met and befriended the influential yogi B.K.S. Iyengar. Menuhin arranged for Iyengar to teach abroad in London, Switzerland, Paris and elsewhere. This was the first time that many Westerners had been exposed to yoga.
In 1962 he established the Yehudi Menuhin School in Surrey. He also established the music program at the Nueva School in Hillsborough, California sometime around then. In 1965 he received an honorary knighthood.
During the 1980s he made jazz recordings with Stephane Grappelli and of Eastern music with the great sitarist Ravi Shankar. In 1985 he was awarded British citizenship and had his honorary knighthood upgraded to a full one. In 1993 he was created a life peer as Baron Menuhin, of Stoke D'Abernon in the County of Surrey. Lord Menuhin died in Berlin following a brief illness, from complications of bronchitis.
His pupils include Nigel Kennedy and Hungarian violist Csaba Erdelyi.
Menuhin credited the German-Jewish philosopher Constantin Brunner with providing him with "a theoretical framework within which I could fit the events and experiences of life" (Conversations with Menuhin: 32-34).
Arguably the most famous of Menhuin's violins is the "Lord Wilton" Guarneri del Gesú violin made in 1742.
In 1990 he was awarded the prestigious Glenn Gould Prize in recognition of his lifetime of contributions.
Soon after his death, the Royal Academy of Music acquired the Yehudi Menuhin Archive, one of the most valuable and comprehensive collections ever assembled by an individual musician.
viernes, 17 de febrero de 2012
viernes, 3 de febrero de 2012
Breve reseña de nuestro instrumento
EL VIOLÍN
El violín (etimología: del italiano violino, diminutivo de viola o viella) es un instrumento de cuerda frotada que tiene cuatro cuerdas afinadas por intervalos de quintas: sol2, re3, la3 y mi4 (según el índice acústico Franco-Belga). La cuerda de sonoridad más grave (o "baja") es la de sol2, y luego le siguen, en orden creciente, el re3, la3 y mi4. En el violín la primera cuerda en ser afinada es la del la; ésta se afina comúnmente a una frecuencia de 440Hz, utilizando como referencia un diapasón
clásico de metal ahorquillado o, desde el siglo XX, un diapasón
electrónico. En orquesta y agrupaciones el violín suele ser afinado a
442Hz, ya que las condiciones del medio como la temperatura, o la
progresiva destensión de las cuerdas hace que éstas se desafinen, y para
compensarlo se afinan algo por encima. El cuerpo del violín posee una
forma abombada, con silueta estilizada determinada por una curvatura
superior e inferior con un estrechamiento a la cintura en forma de C.
Las tapas del violín se modelan con suaves curvas que proporcionan la
característica de abovedado. Los aros, que van alrededor del violín
dando la silueta, son de poca altura, el mástil posee cierto ángulo de
inclinación hacia atrás respecto al eje vertical, longitudinal y se
remata por un caracol llamado voluta. La estructura interna del violín
la constituyen dos elementos fundamentales en la producción sonora del
instrumento dados por la barra armónica y el alma. La barra armónica
corre a lo largo de la tapa justo debajo de las cuerdas graves y el alma
está ubicada justo debajo del pie derecho del puente donde se ubican
las cuerdas agudas.
Las partituras de música para violín usan casi siempre la clave de sol, llamada antiguamente "clave de violín". El violín tiene la característica de no poseer trastes, a diferencia de la guitarra, lo que dificulta el aprendizaje. Es el más pequeño y agudode la familia de los instrumentos de cuerda clásicos, que incluye la viola, el violonchelo y el contrabajo, los cuales, salvo el contrabajo, son derivados todos de las violas medievales, en especial de la fidula.
En los violines antiguos las cuerdas eran de tripa. Hoy pueden ser también de metal o de tripa entorchada con aluminio, plata o acero; la cuerda en mi, la más aguda -llamada cantino-
es directamente un hilo de acero, y, ocasionalmente, de oro. En la
actualidad se están fabricando cuerdas de materiales sintéticos que
tienden a reunir la sonoridad lograda por la flexibilidad de la tripa y
la resistencia de los metales.
El arco es una vara estrecha, de curva suave, y construida idóneamente en la dura madera del palo Brasil o «de Pernambuco» (Caesalpinia echinata), de unos 77 cm de largo, con una cinta de 70 cm constituida por entre 100 y 120 (con un peso de unos 60 gramos según longitud y calibre) crines
de cola de caballo, siendo las de mejor calidad las llamadas
"Mongolia", que provienen de climas fríos donde el pelo es más fino y
resistente. Tal cinta va desde una punta a la otra del arco. Para que
las cuerdas vibren y suenen de un modo eficiente, la cinta de cola de
caballo del arco debe ser frotada adecuada y regularmente con una resina
llamada colonia (en España se llama "perrubia", de "pez-rubia").
También, actualmente -muchas veces para abaratar costos-, la crin
blanqueda de caballo es sustituida por fibras vinílicas. El arco del
violín tiene en la parte por la que es tomado un sistema de tornillo que
al hacer desplazar la pieza por la cual se aferra un extremo de la
cinta de crin hace que ésta se tense o se distienda.
El violín es el instrumento más barato de su familia, pero también es el que llega a los precios más desorbitados.
Los
violines se clasifican de acuerdo con su tamaño: el 4/4 -cuya longitud
suele ser de 14 pulgadas o 35,5 cm y su ancho máximo de 20 cm, y un alto
de 4,5 cm- es el más grande y es el utilizado por los adultos; le
siguen violines de tamaño menor, destinados a jóvenes y niños,
denominados 3/4, 2/4 y 1/4. Existe también un violín de tamaño 7/8,
llamado también "Lady", que es utilizado por algunas mujeres o adultos
de manos pequeñas.
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